Volume 8
Abstract
SAFRAN (Crocus Sativus L.) is an autumnal flowering plant of great nutritional, economic and environmental value. It is a triploid species (2N = 3x = 24) that fails to produce seeds and therefore it spreads exclusively by corms. Although the demand for Safran on the international market has increased in recent years, the cultivation zone of this spice is concentrated in some terroirs with primitive agronomic practices. The reason which research activities have been launched to develop new spice production technologies in many countries. Indeed, the quantitative and qualitative production of saffron is influenced by several factors such as soil, climate, and anthropogenic operations. This bibliographic review deliberates on the latest agronomic works done on Saffron for the promotion of this culture as a profitable, viable, and sustainable culture.
Abstract
An eco-friendly ultrasound-assisted procedure for the preparation of twenty functionalized pyridinium ionic liquids (ILs) 1-20 is described. The characterization of the newly compounds is confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 11B NMR, 19F NMR, 31P NMR and mass analysis. All synthesized compounds were screened for some applications, namely, antimicrobial activity and the results are very promising. Preliminary structure activity relationship (SAR) studies have been performed to identify the relation between molecular structure and activity. In silico Analysis of ionic liquids and/or salts was carried out based on ADME, Lipinski rule, drug likeness, toxicity profiles and other physico-chemical properties. All compounds were safe in toxicity profile and computed LD50 values were in accepted range (2.63–2.87 mol/kg). In silico data has revealed that all ionic liquids and/or salts were in good agreement in term of bioavailability.
Abstract
The spectrophotometric behavior of sunset yellow (E110) was investigated using quartz cell and distilled water as a solvent; over the wavelength range of 400 nm to 800 nm, spectral band width of 2 nm, speed scan 120 nm/min, Xenon lamp and 2 nm graph high. It was given a well-developed spectrophotometric peak over this wavelength range. The repeatability, stability, calibration curve and detection limit were also evaluated. The concentration of 5×10-5 mol L-1 of E110 was repeated five times for the repeatability study, yielded the relative standard deviation (RSD%) of 0.042%. The stability for the analytical signal of the E110 concentration 5×10-5 mol L-1 was monitored for 90 minutes, resulted the spectrophotometric signals approximately fixed within this period. A calibration curve was studied over the range of 1×10-5 - 1×10-4 mol L-1 for the (E110) dye to be resulted in a linear relationship with 0.984 correlation coefficient (r2) for six measurements (n=6). Detection limit (LOD) was calculated to be 5.77×10-8 mol L-1 (0.026 ppm). Spectrophotometric technique was applied for the determination of sunset yellow (E110) in soft drinks and ice cream samples of the local Saudi markets.
Abstract
In this work, we used B3LYP / 6-311G (d, p) to determine the chemical descriptor, the ionization potential (I), the electron affinity (A), the chemical potential (μ), the chemical hardness (η). Nonlinear optical descriptors (NLO) such as dipole moment (μ), polarizability (α), first hyperpolarizability (β) and second hyperpolarizability (γ), 3D maps of HOMO and LUMO orbitals, lengths and Bond angles of ascorbic acid are also determined by both DFT and MP2 (The Møller-Plesset theory of order 2 perturbation). Both DFT and MP2 methods yielded almost the same value of dipole moment. The DFT and MP2 methods gave slightly different values for polarization, hyperpolarizability and second hyperpolarization because of the number of variables taken into consideration in the calculations by each method. The negative and positive regions of ascorbic acid were determined by molecular electrostatic potential.
Abstract
Jabir ibn Hayyan (8th century) is considered one of the firstto divide rocks according to their origins. he clearly distinguished between three categories of rocks. Al-Jahidh (9th century) spoke about the volcanoes and fire rocks, wondering about some interpretations of these rocks’ diversity of characteristics wich accord it to the ratio of terrestrial, water or air component, but do not consider the fire component. The brothers ofal-Safa (9th century -10th century), also distinguished Smoothy solid magmatic rocks with Few plants, from soft superimposed sedimentary rocks (layer over layer), with many caves and a lot of plants, grasses and threes. Ibn Sina (11th century) also distinguished between sedimentary rocks (consisting of the essence with terrestrial predominant substance) andthe igneous rocks (consisting of the essence with water predominant). It seems that Al-Al-Dimashqui (8th century) was well aware that the formation of some rocks, is due to their exposition to very high temperature (such aswhite marble), where Extensive fire changes itsshape and its original stone appearance to take on a completely new look. Al-Jahidh said: "And tell me about the jewels ofthe Earth.. are they Something definitly created or earth turned to it (transformed)?". May be it is the first reference to metamorphic rocks. It is astatement that the rocks containing the gems, are not the "land" created by God, and then remained on their first creation; But they are rocks that can be changed and transformed. Muslim naturalists were fully aware of the many origins and categories of rocks. Itmay be possible to consider them as the founders of petrology in general and sedimentary rocks Science in particular. Especially In the works of Al-Bairouni (10th century -11th century), Al-Karkhi (11th century), the brothers of Al-Safa and Ibn Sina, witch presente a precise scientific speech, describing the processes of weathering, transport, sedimentation and what follows.
Abstract
In this work, natural clay (BN) was studied for the removal of Basic dye from aqueous solution in batch system. The effects of initial VM concentration, contact time, solution temperature and solution pH on BN adsorption were investigated. The adsorbent was characterized by means of FTIR and XRD analysis. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich, and isotherm models. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data compared with pseudo-second-order kinetic adsorption models. The thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy changes (∆G°), standard enthalpy change (∆H°) and standard entropy change (∆S°) were determined. Adsorption of VM on BN is exothermic and spontaneous in nature.
Abstract
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) represent one of the main therapeutic classes of molecules contaminating the environment. The main objective of this review was to seek information about ibuprofen and paracetamol when used as an antipyretic and analgesia in humans. NSAIDs inhibit the synthesis and the release of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, acting as non-selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase enzymes, namely cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 isoforms. The therapeutic dose of paracetamol is 0.5-1 g in adults (maximum of 4 g/day) and 10-15 mg/kg every 4-6 hours in children. It is indicated for the symptomatic relief of fever, mild musculoskeletal pain, headache, migraine. The usual dose of ibuprofen is 400 to 800 mg three times a day. Ibuprofen is one of the most effective and widely used NSAIDs in the treatment of dental pain. Acute toxicity of NSAIDs occurs only at high, unrealistic concentrations, while sub-lethal effects arise also at low, environmentally relevant concentrations of all these drugs. Main outcome measures: adverse events requiring drug discontinuation; systemic reactions related to ibuprofen and paracetamol, clinical pharmacology with therapeutic applications, and analgesic effects of combinations with anti-inflammatory drugs and caffeine in non-cancer pain. Ibuprofen, paracetamol has gastrointestinal pharmacological profiles of renal symptoms, asthma, and adverse effects.
Abstract Cowpea husk (CPH) was used as a low cost, effective and environmental friendly adsorbent for the removal of crystal violet dye from wastewater. Batch adsorption studies were conducted under various optimized experimental conditions such as agitation time (90minutes), dye concentration (50mg/l), adsorbent dose (0.1g) and pH (6) respectively. The adsorbent surface was characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques, while the physical properties (bulk density, moisture content and pore volume) of the adsorbent were determined using standard reported methods. The adsorption data were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models to propose the mechanism of the adsorption process. Equilibrium data fitted well to Langmuir isotherm with maximum adsorption capacity of 153.85mg/g and R2 value of 0.907 which is almost unity signifying a mechanism of chemical adsorption. Adsorption kinetic data were verified using pseudo first order, pseudo second order, Elovich and intra-particle diffusion models. The kinetic data were found to fit well with pseudo second order model. Thermodynamics of the adsorption process indicates the process to be feasible and spontaneous. This study recommends that CPH could be employed as a low-cost adsorbent as alternative to other expensive adsorbents for the removal of dyes from wastewater.
Abstract
The apparent reversal of trend from western to herbal medicine is partly due to the fact that synthetic drugs have always shown adverse reactions and other undesirable side effects. This has led to the belief that natural products are safe because they are more harmonious with biological systems. Furthermore, medicinal plants were the original source of most medicines. Many of the miracle drugs of today are molecules or variations on compounds that were originally extracted from medicinal plant species. In fact, various chemicals and biotechnological products are being screened by major multinational pharmaceutical industries in the hope of discovering new compounds for curing various health ailments. Indeed, Morocco, endowed with an immense range of climates, cultures, human and natural resources, has rich and ancient phytotherapeutic traditions. These various historical and cultural richness coupled to contemporary evolution allowed the development of a specific culture which intrinsically embodies a myriad of visibly distinct subcultures. It concerned various forms of cultures and belief from Paganism, Judaism, and Christianity to Islam. Based on bibliographical review of relevant documents published, including articles, review and books, we attempted to give a landscape on medicinal plants used by Moroccan people, while insisting on ethnobotanical investigations as a crucial step in development and valorization of natural products related to the human health care. Also, we tried to shed light on the current state, the history, the ethnobotany as well as the safety and regulatory of the traditional use of these herbs by Moroccan society. So, in the present paper, we tried to give an overview on the richness, and diversity of indigenous knowledge on traditional use of medicinal plants by people living in this country.
Abstract
This work aims to evaluate the total phenols content and the antifungal activity of different extracts of A. salicina. The work was carried out on ethanol and hexane extracts of the bark, flowers and leaves of Acacia salicina. Total phenols content was determined. Antifungal activity was tested against four strains; Alternaria alterna, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani. Ethanol extract from leaves exhibited the highest phenols content (0.74g GAE/ml). The lowest levels were recorded for hexane extract from leaves (0.3g GAE/ml). Statistical analyzes have shown that there is a highly significant difference between ethanolic and hexane extracts. Fusarium oxysporum was the most sensitive strain against A. salicina extracts.
Abstract
This paper analyses the yearly variability of data from three synoptic stations. These data are cross-referenced with the lightning data of the area. The resulting linear or polynomial regression models revealed the same description of the relationship between the mean number of lightning flashes and the mean surface wind speed. A correlation of 0.75, 0.89 and 0.90 is significantly established between the data from Kandi, Natitingou and Parakou stations respectively. A coefficient of determination of 0.56; 0.80 and 0.81 is significantly obtained respectively for these stations by linear regression and then 0.56; 0.84 and 0.85 by polynomial regression. The F-test showed that the fits of the two models are equal. However, the coefficient of determination is higher with the polynomial regression. All other things being equal, when the average surface wind speed increases by 1m/s, the average number of lightning bolts increases by 8400 according to Kandi, 12674 according to Natitingou and 8847 according to Parakou. More than 80% of the variability in the average number of lightning flashes is explained by the average surface wind speed.
Abstract
This work aims to characterize the chemical composition along the Sebou Estuary in the Kenitra region in Morocco following floods. Surface sediment samples were collected in April 2009, about 2 months after a flooding event. The concentrations of eleven elements (Fe, Mg, Mn, Co, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Sr and V) were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. The results obtained make it possible to see that the chemical compositions present a negligible variation between sampling sites. The comparison with the quality standards makes it possible to distinguish two sources of pollution: natural (respect of quality standards) and anthropic (exceeding quality standards), the use of the correlation matrix and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has also identified a third source of mixed pollution. comparison with similar works as well as the application of PCA clearly show the strong relationship with floods that have occurred in the region in the winter of 2009, in particular on Mn (which is experiencing a strong increase following the leaching of soil and traces elements (low concentrations probably due to their transport by suspended particles), this is confirmed by the calculation of contamination factors.
Abstract
In this study, the efficiency of Canna indica L in the removal of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in aqueous solution using a hydroponic set-up was investigated. The evacuation proficiency increased with days and initial concentrations. The ideal removal pH was 4.0. The equilibrium data acquired were evaluated by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Elovich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. The Langmuir model gave the best relationship with monolayer biosorption capacity of 40.89 mg/g. The pseudo-zero-order kinetics was able to describe the biosorption process. The intraparticle diffusion and liquid film diffusion was also used to study the removal process with the former showing the best fit. Thermodynamic modeling using the standard free energy (ΔGo) indicated that the process was spontaneous with -12589.18 kJ/mol. The PCP residual factors (0.09 to 0.35) were highest in 25th day indicating high efficiency of C. indica. C. indica used in this study is eco-friendly, widely available and offers greater potential for wastewater treatment for removal of chlorinated pollutants such as PCP from aqueous solutions. The PCP residual factors (0.09 to 0.35) were most noteworthy in 25th day showing high productivity of C. indica L. According to this study, C. indica L. could prove to be a promising low cost phytoremediator of chorophenols in aqueous solutions.
Abstract
Herbal, phytochemical, pharmaceutical and related products are produced in batch or/and semi-batch mode. This differs from commodity products that are obtained in large quantities from petroleum, chemical, and petrochemical industries, which operate in continuous mode, as intermediates to other manufacturing firms. Batch and semi-batch processes are always dynamic in nature, and that creates additional challenges in their product and process scheduling, design, and optimization. These processes are best described with batch process simulators that can handle sequencing of events and time-dependency. This study presents the techniques for batch process development, and demonstrates how green process for herbal and/or upstream phytochemical products can be developed through modelling, simulation, and validation before fabrication and commissioning. It examines green process development of a pilot plant for the production of anti-malarial powdered extract from raw Herb 25 (NAFDAC Reg. No: NRN-A7-0155L) as a case study. The process was modelled and simulated with the aid of SuperPro Designer® version 7.0, a batch process simulator and scheduling tool, and validated using existing equipment. It was found that the use of process simulation and production scheduling tools can facilitate and hasten the green process development for herbal and/or upstream phytochemical products. From the simulation results, the profitability analysis has shown the debottlenecking scheme II process model to have a better return on investment (ROI) of 65.68% and payback time of 1.52 years.
Abstract
The current study aimed to use silver ion (Ag+) complexes with pyrazole based ligands for developing spectroscopic method of silver ion in its aqueous solution with high sensitivity and low detection limits. The stability and composition of the complexes of 1,3-bis (3-(2-pyridyl) pyrazol-1-ylmethyl) benzene (1,3-PPB) and 1,4-bis (3-(2-pyridyl) pyrazol-1-ylmethyl) benzene (1,4-PPB) with Ag (I) ion have been investigated applying the spectrophotometric method in mixed (1:1) solvent of ethanol and water. Various experimental parameters, which include pH, ionic strength, solvent composition, and time, have been studied. The stoichiometry and formation constant of each complex have been evaluated spectrophotometrically. Spectrophotometric results indicated the formation of 1:1 complexes with stability order of Ag-1,4-PPB > Ag-1,3-PPB. Molar absorptivity values of the complexes have also been determined and were found to be 5039 and 6320, for Ag-1,3-PPB and Ag-1,4-PPB, respectively. The sensitivities for Ag determination by complexation with 1,3-PPB and 1,4-PPB were evaluated and found to be 0.045 and 0.055 mg.l-1, respectively. The Ag-PPB complexes could be used for Ag+ determination in aqueous solutions with high sensitivity and low detection limits,
Abstract
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles are among the most widely used nano sized materials in various industries, increasing the chances of dispersal around the environment. Hence, this paper reviews the toxicity of Al2O3 nanoparticles on various organisms but with particular interest in a sensitive aquatic organism and a tobacco plant species, Artemia Salina Larvae and Nicotiana Tabacum respectively. It is reported that Artemia Larvae excretes accumulated Al2O3 nanoparticles at a slower rate than the rate of accumulation and that Ɣ-Al2O3 nanoparticles is more toxic to the organism than a-Al2O3 nanoparticles. For the tobacco plant seedlings, it is observed that its exposure to Al2O3 nanoparticles does not significantly affect germination but significantly affects growth. Bioaccumulation of the nanoparticles in rats has been reported to induce different kinds of toxicity. Al2O3 nanoparticle has anti-microbial effect, retards growth in plants, increases the mortality rate of some organisms and has other adverse effects on living things which are duration, dosage and organ dependent. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of the nanoparticles increases with decreasing particle size, though the toxicity level is not alarming. It is concluded that unprotected exposure to Al2O3 nanoparticles be avoided and measures to minimize their dispersal into the environment be pursued.
Abstract
Albizia lebbeck seedlings were planted on soil irrigated with tannery effluent and borehole water for duration three months. Plant samples were collected after harvest and soil samples were collected before and after planting. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was used to determine the concentration of heavy metals in the planting media and plant tissues. The aim was to establish the phytoremediation potential of Albizia lebbeck. After harvesting, a decrease in the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu Ni, Pb and Zn in the media was observed from the initial values. The highest levels of Cr (10.70±0.82 mg/ kg), Ni (5.56±0.00 mg/kg), Pb (3.15±0.17 mg/kg) and Zn (13.85±1.14) were found in the roots, whereas the highest Cd (5.85±0.56 mg/ kg) and Cu (10.42±1.04 mg/ kg) were observed in the shoot respectively. The roots of Albizia lebbeck were found to stabilize Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn in both the tannery effluent and borehole water irrigated media. In addition, Cd and Cu mainly accumulated in the shoots. The translocation factors (TF) and bioconcentration factors (BCF) revealed Albizia lebbeck as an excluder for Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn and a potential accumulator plant for Cd and Cu serving as an ideal remediation plant for these metals.
Abstract
The Schiff base ligand, N, N’-bis(4-methoxybenzylidene)ethan-1,2-diamine and its metal complexes of Co(II), Ni(II) and Hg(II) have been successfully synthesized and characterized physicochemically and infrared spectroscopically. The ligand was obtained in excellent yield of 90.38 % whereas the complexes showed low yield (29.54 – 32.95 %). The ligand and complexes were solid, air and moisture stable with high melting points (180 -320 oC) which further proved their thermostability. The low values of their molar conductance indicate non-electrolytic nature. The infrared spectroscopic data shows appearance of the azomethine peak at 1623.89 cm-1 in the spectrum of the Schiff base which shifted to lower wavenumber by 33-55 cm-1 in the spectra of the complexes indicating inferentiality of bidenticity of the Schiff base upon interaction with the metal ions having the two azomethine nitrogen atoms as the coordination sites. The empirical formula determination revealed the formation of the complexes in 1:2:2 metal-ligand-chloride ratio which could be represented as [ML2Cl2].nH2O (where M=Co2+, Ni2+ or Hg2+, n= 2, 6, 4 for the complexes respectively). An octahedral structure has been proposed for the complexes.
Abstract
Various applications of lanthanum oxide nanoparticles are increasing industrially and in biotechnology. The purpose of this research is to review papers for various methods in the synthesis of La2O3 and to find out which method is more effective for the production of La2O3 nanoparticles. The method is based on a literature study from various journal sources with the keywords La2O3 synthesis and green synthesis. The discussion is divided into the La2O3 synthesis method and the source of La2O3 nanoparticles from plant extracts. The La2O3 synthesis studied were co-precipitation, hydrothermal reaction, solution combustion, thermal decomposition, reflux, sol-gel, sonochemistry, and spray pyrolysis. Potential sources of plant extracts are Sesbania grandiflora, Juvenile maize, Datura metel, Nothopanax scutellarium, Physalis angulate, andAndrographis paniculata for the green synthesis of La2O3. From these results, the most effective method for synthesizing La2O3 is the hydrothermal method because many control parameters can be adjusted, the type of solvent is simple, and it produces homogeneous crystals. The most potential plant is Physalis angulata because of the abundant availability of plants in Indonesia and the compounds contained can be used for the pharmaceutical. The results of this literature review are expected to provide information on an effective method for synthesizing La2O3.
Abstract
Batch removal of Pendimethalin (PE) from aqueous solution using carbonized bambara groundnut shells (CBGNS) adsorbent under different experimental conditions was investigated in this study. The CBGNS were characterized by pore volume, bulk density, moisture content, FT-IR spectroscopy and SEM spectroscopy analysis. The influences of initial PE molecule concentration (10 to 60 mg·l-1), pH (3 to 8), contact time (20 to 120 mins) and adsorbent dosage (0.2 to 1.2g) have been reported. Adsorption of PE is highly pH-dependent and the result indicate that the optimum pH for the removal was found to be 6 for CBGNS. Adsorption equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models and the equilibrium data for CBGNS were best represented by the Freundlich isotherm. A comparison of kinetic models applied to the adsorption of PE molecule on the CBGNS was evaluated for the pseudo first-order, the pseudo second-order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models, respectively. Results show that the pseudo second-order kinetic model was found to correlate the experimental data well. Thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (∆H), entropy (∆S) and free energy (∆G) were evaluated.
Abstract
The inhibition performance of 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol (5-ATT) on aluminium corrosion in acidic medium was investigated using experimental and theoretical approach. The weight loss measurements demonstrated that the inhibition efficiency increased with an increase in concentration of 5-ATT but decreased at elevated temperatures. The inhibitor molecule exhibited the highest inhibition efficiency of 94.28 % at 2.0 mM for T = 308 K. The adsorption of the 5-ATT on aluminium surface in acid solution was found to obey the Langmuir isotherm and the value of suggest a combination of both physisorption and chemisorption mechanisms. Scanning electron microscopy analysis demonstrated the adsorption of 5-ATT on the aluminium surface which justified the observed anticorrosion activity. Besides, the correlation between inhibition performance and the electronic structure parameters of the inhibitor was theoretically elucidated via quantum chemical calculations. Molecular dynamics simulations were engaged to provide insights into the mechanism of interaction between the inhibitor and the aluminium surface. The theoretical outcomes highlighted the ability of the 5-ATT to adsorbed favourably on the Al (1 1 0) surface in parallel orientation.
Abstract
ZnS nanoparticles haveprospects for use as diodes and sensors. These various uses caused thesynthesis of ZnS nanoparticles has been widely carried out. However, sphaleriteresources will be depleted, thus requiring research and development ofrenewable materials to meet the needs of zinc sulfide on an industrial scale.The purpose of this study was to analyze various ZnS synthesis methods. In thisstudy, various synthesis methods of ZnS from various journals from 1982 to 2020were discussed which include one-pot synthesis method, sol-gel, hydrothermalprocess, coprecipitation, ultrasonic radiation, and microwave irradiation.These methods have their advantages and disadvantages. The results of the studyshow that the wave irradiation method is more proper for the synthesis of ZnS,especially on an industrial scale. This is because the precursors used arecommercially available, the reaction time is short, the operating temperatureis low, and the products have high purity. Several raw materials have prospectsfor the synthesis of ZnS including, Zn(CH3COOH)2.2H2O,CH4N2S, Na2S, ZnSO4.7H2O,and ZnO. We hope this study can provide references to readers, industry, andresearchers in the field of material development regarding efficient andeffective synthesis methods of ZnS on a large scale.
Abstract
The results of an experimental investigation on the study of natural galena from Agadez/Niger were discussed. The collected galena sample was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Infrared, Raman and Thermogravimetric analysis. The XRD analysis indicated galena as the main mineral phase. The sample crystallizes in the cubic crystal with space group with unit cell parameter a = 5,931 Å. The vibration of the S-S bond is observed at 618 cm-1 and the peaks at 1111 cm-1 and 1634 cm-1 indicate the Pb-S bond. The Raman spectrum exhibits absorption bands at 142 cm−1, 195 cm−1, 448 cm−1 and 973 cm−1. The band centered at 142 cm-1 corresponds to the Pb-S bonds. The peak at 448 cm-1 can be attributed to the presence of elemental sulphur. It comes from the first and second harmonics of the fundamental longitudinal phonons 2LO and 3LO. The peak at 973 cm-1 is characteristic of the presence of sulfates. The TGA curve indicates an initial mass loss of about 5% and the second mass loss from 600 to 900°C attributed to evaporation of sulphur.
Abstract
In this journal, we analyze a suitable CeO2 nanoparticle synthesis method that can be applied in the material industry. The data collection method that we use is by reviewing secondary sources through journals related to CeO2 nanoparticles. Then, we compare each journal that has been collected so that it can be concluded that the appropriate method to produce ceria crystals is obtained. Because this method is cheaper, uses relatively low temperatures, has fast reaction times, reproducible particle size distribution, homogeneity, and greater electrochemical performance, and is more environmentally friendly.
Abstract
The phytochemical analysis of Ximenia caffra(sour plum) leaves was evaluated; extracts of the leaves of the plants fromn-hexane, methanol and chloroform were subjected to photochemical screeningwhich was done using standard methods. The phytochemical screening of the testplant revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols,tannins and amino acids and flavonoids and it also detects the presence ofCarbohydrate, Protein/, Amino acids, Fats and oil, Alkaloids, Glycosides,Flavonoids, Tannins, Saponins, Phenolics compounds, Steroids and Triterpenoids.The result of qualitative and quantitative analysis shows that methanolicextract has more effect on all the parameters tested than chloroform extractand n-hexane extract. The findings of this study support the use of sour plumleaves as alternative system of medicine
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) have been analyzed as plasmonic materials for biomedical applications such as photothermal treatment agents for cancer and radiotherapy. The increasing demand for gold nanoparticles has led researchers to create more efficient, safe, and economical methods for industrial-scale production. The purpose of this paper aims to review the research results of scientific studies on the methods that can be used in synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and determine the best method for the AuNP synthesis process on an industrial scale. This review contains 55 journals from 1996 to 2021 that discuss the AuNP synthesis method, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Several methods can be used to synthesize AuNP, namely (1) chemical reduction, (2) biosynthesis, (3) sonochemistry, (4) laser ablation, (5) sputter deposition, and (6) irradiation-γ. The comparison results show that the best method for synthesizing AuNP is laser ablation because this method is relatively simple and effective for the formation of large amounts of nanoparticles. This review had a positive impact on the AuNP manufacturing industry in choosing the best method for synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNP)
COLLABORATION
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Taibah University -
Mohammed Premier University -
Oujda Gate -
Lalla Aisha Park Oujda